Source code for psd_tools.psd.layer_and_mask

"""
Layer and mask data structure.
"""

from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals

import io
import logging

import attr

from psd_tools.compression import compress, decompress
from psd_tools.constants import (
    BlendMode,
    ChannelID,
    Clipping,
    Compression,
    GlobalLayerMaskKind,
    Tag,
)
from psd_tools.psd.base import BaseElement, ListElement
from psd_tools.psd.tagged_blocks import TaggedBlocks, register
from psd_tools.utils import (
    is_readable,
    read_fmt,
    read_length_block,
    read_pascal_string,
    write_bytes,
    write_fmt,
    write_length_block,
    write_padding,
    write_pascal_string,
)
from psd_tools.validators import in_, range_

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


[docs] @attr.s(repr=False, slots=True) class LayerAndMaskInformation(BaseElement): """ Layer and mask information section. .. py:attribute:: layer_info See :py:class:`.LayerInfo`. .. py:attribute:: global_layer_mask_info See :py:class:`.GlobalLayerMaskInfo`. .. py:attribute:: tagged_blocks See :py:class:`.TaggedBlocks`. """ layer_info = attr.ib(default=None) global_layer_mask_info = attr.ib(default=None) tagged_blocks = attr.ib(default=None) @classmethod def read(cls, fp, encoding="macroman", version=1): start_pos = fp.tell() length = read_fmt(("I", "Q")[version - 1], fp)[0] end_pos = fp.tell() + length logger.debug( "reading layer and mask info, len=%d, offset=%d" % (length, start_pos) ) if length == 0: self = cls() else: self = cls._read_body(fp, end_pos, encoding, version) if fp.tell() > end_pos: logger.warning( "LayerAndMaskInformation is broken: current fp=%d, expected=%d" % (fp.tell(), end_pos) ) fp.seek(end_pos, 0) return self @classmethod def _read_body(cls, fp, end_pos, encoding, version): layer_info = LayerInfo.read(fp, encoding, version) global_layer_mask_info = None if is_readable(fp, 17) and fp.tell() < end_pos: global_layer_mask_info = GlobalLayerMaskInfo.read(fp) tagged_blocks = None if is_readable(fp): # For some reason, global tagged blocks aligns 4 byte tagged_blocks = TaggedBlocks.read( fp, version=version, padding=4, end_pos=end_pos ) return cls(layer_info, global_layer_mask_info, tagged_blocks) def write(self, fp, encoding="macroman", version=1, padding=4): def writer(f): written = self._write_body(f, encoding, version, padding) logger.debug("writing layer and mask info, len=%d" % (written)) return written fmt = ("I", "Q")[version - 1] return write_length_block(fp, writer, fmt=fmt) def _write_body(self, fp, encoding, version, padding): written = 0 if self.layer_info: written += self.layer_info.write(fp, encoding, version, padding) if self.global_layer_mask_info: written += self.global_layer_mask_info.write(fp) if self.tagged_blocks: written += self.tagged_blocks.write(fp, version=version, padding=4) return written
[docs] @attr.s(repr=False, slots=True) class LayerInfo(BaseElement): """ High-level organization of the layer information. .. py:attribute:: layer_count Layer count. If it is a negative number, its absolute value is the number of layers and the first alpha channel contains the transparency data for the merged result. .. py:attribute:: layer_records Information about each layer. See :py:class:`.LayerRecords`. .. py:attribute:: channel_image_data Channel image data. See :py:class:`.ChannelImageData`. """ layer_count = attr.ib(default=0, type=int) layer_records = attr.ib(default=None) channel_image_data = attr.ib(default=None) @classmethod def read(cls, fp, encoding="macroman", version=1): length = read_fmt(("I", "Q")[version - 1], fp)[0] logger.debug("reading layer info, len=%d" % length) end_pos = fp.tell() + length if length == 0: self = LayerInfo() else: self = cls._read_body(fp, encoding, version) assert fp.tell() <= end_pos fp.seek(end_pos, 0) return self @classmethod def _read_body(cls, fp, encoding, version): start_pos = fp.tell() layer_count = read_fmt("h", fp)[0] layer_records = LayerRecords.read(fp, layer_count, encoding, version) logger.debug(" read layer records, len=%d" % (fp.tell() - start_pos)) channel_image_data = ChannelImageData.read(fp, layer_records) return cls(layer_count, layer_records, channel_image_data) def write(self, fp, encoding="macroman", version=1, padding=4): def writer(f): written = self._write_body(f, encoding, version, padding) logger.debug("writing layer info, len=%d" % (written)) return written fmt = ("I", "Q")[version - 1] if self.layer_count == 0: return write_fmt(fp, fmt, 0) return write_length_block(fp, writer, fmt=fmt) def _write_body(self, fp, encoding, version, padding): start_pos = fp.tell() written = write_fmt(fp, "h", self.layer_count) if self.layer_records: self._update_channel_length() written += self.layer_records.write(fp, encoding, version) logger.debug(" wrote layer records, len=%d" % (fp.tell() - start_pos)) if self.channel_image_data: written += self.channel_image_data.write(fp) # Seems the padding size here is different between Photoshop and GIMP. written += write_padding(fp, written, padding) return written def _update_channel_length(self): if not self.layer_records or not self.channel_image_data: return for layer, lengths in zip(self.layer_records, self.channel_image_data._lengths): for channel_info, length in zip(layer.channel_info, lengths): channel_info.length = length
@register(Tag.LAYER_16) @register(Tag.LAYER_32) @attr.s(repr=False) class LayerInfoBlock(LayerInfo): """ """ @classmethod def read(cls, fp, encoding="macroman", version=1, **kwargs): return cls._read_body(fp, encoding, version) def write(self, fp, encoding="macroman", version=1, padding=4, **kwargs): return self._write_body(fp, encoding, version, padding)
[docs] @attr.s(repr=False, slots=True) class ChannelInfo(BaseElement): """ Channel information. .. py:attribute:: id Channel ID: 0 = red, 1 = green, etc.; -1 = transparency mask; -2 = user supplied layer mask, -3 real user supplied layer mask (when both a user mask and a vector mask are present). See :py:class:`~psd_tools.constants.ChannelID`. .. py:attribute:: length Length of the corresponding channel data. """ id = attr.ib( default=ChannelID.CHANNEL_0, converter=ChannelID, validator=in_(ChannelID) ) length = attr.ib(default=0, type=int) @classmethod def read(cls, fp, version=1): return cls(*read_fmt(("hI", "hQ")[version - 1], fp)) def write(self, fp, version=1): return write_fmt(fp, ("hI", "hQ")[version - 1], *attr.astuple(self))
[docs] @attr.s(repr=False, slots=True) class LayerFlags(BaseElement): """ Layer flags. Note there are undocumented flags. Maybe photoshop version. .. py:attribute:: transparency_protected .. py:attribute:: visible .. py:attribute:: pixel_data_irrelevant """ transparency_protected = attr.ib(default=False, type=bool) visible = attr.ib(default=True, type=bool) obsolete = attr.ib(default=False, type=bool, repr=False) photoshop_v5_later = attr.ib(default=True, type=bool, repr=False) pixel_data_irrelevant = attr.ib(default=False, type=bool) undocumented_1 = attr.ib(default=False, type=bool, repr=False) undocumented_2 = attr.ib(default=False, type=bool, repr=False) undocumented_3 = attr.ib(default=False, type=bool, repr=False) @classmethod def read(cls, fp): flags = read_fmt("B", fp)[0] return cls( bool(flags & 1), not bool(flags & 2), # why "not"? bool(flags & 4), bool(flags & 8), bool(flags & 16), bool(flags & 32), bool(flags & 64), bool(flags & 128), ) def write(self, fp): flags = ( (self.transparency_protected * 1) | ((not self.visible) * 2) | (self.obsolete * 4) | (self.photoshop_v5_later * 8) | (self.pixel_data_irrelevant * 16) | (self.undocumented_1 * 32) | (self.undocumented_2 * 64) | (self.undocumented_3 * 128) ) return write_fmt(fp, "B", flags)
[docs] @attr.s(repr=False, slots=True) class LayerBlendingRanges(BaseElement): """ Layer blending ranges. All ranges contain 2 black values followed by 2 white values. .. py:attribute:: composite_ranges List of composite gray blend source and destination ranges. .. py:attribute:: channel_ranges List of channel source and destination ranges. """ composite_ranges = attr.ib( factory=lambda: [(0, 65535), (0, 65535)], ) channel_ranges = attr.ib( factory=lambda: [ [(0, 65535), (0, 65535)], [(0, 65535), (0, 65535)], [(0, 65535), (0, 65535)], [(0, 65535), (0, 65535)], ], ) @classmethod def read(cls, fp): data = read_length_block(fp) if len(data) == 0: return cls(None, None) with io.BytesIO(data) as f: return cls._read_body(f) @classmethod def _read_body(cls, fp): def read_channel_range(f): values = read_fmt("4H", f) return [values[0:2], values[2:4]] composite_ranges = read_channel_range(fp) channel_ranges = [] while is_readable(fp, 8): channel_ranges.append(read_channel_range(fp)) return cls(composite_ranges, channel_ranges) def write(self, fp): return write_length_block(fp, lambda f: self._write_body(f)) def _write_body(self, fp): written = 0 if self.composite_ranges is not None: for x in self.composite_ranges: written += write_fmt(fp, "2H", *x) if self.channel_ranges is not None: for channel in self.channel_ranges: for x in channel: written += write_fmt(fp, "2H", *x) return written
[docs] class LayerRecords(ListElement): """ List of layer records. See :py:class:`.LayerRecord`. """ @classmethod def read(cls, fp, layer_count, encoding="macroman", version=1): items = [] for _ in range(abs(layer_count)): items.append(LayerRecord.read(fp, encoding, version)) return cls(items)
[docs] @attr.s(repr=False, slots=True) class LayerRecord(BaseElement): """ Layer record. .. py:attribute:: top Top position. .. py:attribute:: left Left position. .. py:attribute:: bottom Bottom position. .. py:attribute:: right Right position. .. py:attribute:: channel_info List of :py:class:`.ChannelInfo`. .. py:attribute:: signature Blend mode signature ``b'8BIM'``. .. py:attribute:: blend_mode Blend mode key. See :py:class:`~psd_tools.constants.BlendMode`. .. py:attribute:: opacity Opacity, 0 = transparent, 255 = opaque. .. py:attribute:: clipping Clipping, 0 = base, 1 = non-base. See :py:class:`~psd_tools.constants.Clipping`. .. py:attribute:: flags See :py:class:`.LayerFlags`. .. py:attribute:: mask_data :py:class:`.MaskData` or None. .. py:attribute:: blending_ranges See :py:class:`~psd_tools.constants.LayerBlendingRanges`. .. py:attribute:: name Layer name. .. py:attribute:: tagged_blocks See :py:class:`.TaggedBlocks`. """ top = attr.ib(default=0, type=int) left = attr.ib(default=0, type=int) bottom = attr.ib(default=0, type=int) right = attr.ib(default=0, type=int) channel_info = attr.ib(factory=list) signature = attr.ib( default=b"8BIM", repr=False, type=bytes, validator=in_((b"8BIM",)) ) blend_mode = attr.ib( default=BlendMode.NORMAL, converter=BlendMode, validator=in_(BlendMode) ) opacity = attr.ib(default=255, type=int, validator=range_(0, 255)) clipping = attr.ib( default=Clipping.BASE, converter=Clipping, validator=in_(Clipping) ) flags = attr.ib(factory=LayerFlags) mask_data = attr.ib(default=None) blending_ranges = attr.ib(factory=LayerBlendingRanges) name = attr.ib(default="", type=str) tagged_blocks = attr.ib(factory=TaggedBlocks) @classmethod def read(cls, fp, encoding="macroman", version=1): start_pos = fp.tell() top, left, bottom, right, num_channels = read_fmt("4iH", fp) channel_info = [ChannelInfo.read(fp, version) for i in range(num_channels)] signature, blend_mode, opacity, clipping = read_fmt("4s4sBB", fp) flags = LayerFlags.read(fp) data = read_length_block(fp, fmt="xI") logger.debug(" read layer record, len=%d" % (fp.tell() - start_pos)) with io.BytesIO(data) as f: self = cls( top, left, bottom, right, channel_info, signature, blend_mode, opacity, clipping, flags, *cls._read_extra(f, encoding, version), ) # with io.BytesIO() as f: # self._write_extra(f, encoding, version) # assert data == f.getvalue() return self @classmethod def _read_extra(cls, fp, encoding, version): mask_data = MaskData.read(fp) blending_ranges = LayerBlendingRanges.read(fp) name = read_pascal_string(fp, encoding, padding=4) tagged_blocks = TaggedBlocks.read(fp, version=version, padding=1) return mask_data, blending_ranges, name, tagged_blocks def write(self, fp, encoding="macroman", version=1): start_pos = fp.tell() written = write_fmt( fp, "4iH", self.top, self.left, self.bottom, self.right, len(self.channel_info), ) written += sum(c.write(fp, version) for c in self.channel_info) written += write_fmt( fp, "4s4sBB", self.signature, self.blend_mode.value, self.opacity, self.clipping.value, ) written += self.flags.write(fp) def writer(f): written = self._write_extra(f, encoding, version) logger.debug(" wrote layer record, len=%d" % (fp.tell() - start_pos)) return written written += write_length_block(fp, writer, fmt="xI") return written def _write_extra(self, fp, encoding, version): written = 0 if self.mask_data: written += self.mask_data.write(fp) else: written += write_fmt(fp, "I", 0) written += self.blending_ranges.write(fp) written += write_pascal_string(fp, self.name, encoding, padding=4) written += self.tagged_blocks.write(fp, version, padding=1) written += write_padding(fp, written, 2) return written @property def width(self): """Width of the layer.""" return max(self.right - self.left, 0) @property def height(self): """Height of the layer.""" return max(self.bottom - self.top, 0) @property def channel_sizes(self): """List of channel sizes: [(width, height)].""" sizes = [] for channel in self.channel_info: if channel.id == ChannelID.USER_LAYER_MASK: sizes.append((self.mask_data.width, self.mask_data.height)) elif channel.id == ChannelID.REAL_USER_LAYER_MASK: sizes.append((self.mask_data.real_width, self.mask_data.real_height)) else: sizes.append((self.width, self.height)) return sizes
[docs] @attr.s(repr=False, slots=True) class MaskFlags(BaseElement): """ Mask flags. .. py:attribute:: pos_relative_to_layer Position relative to layer. .. py:attribute:: mask_disabled Layer mask disabled. .. py:attribute:: invert_mask Invert layer mask when blending (Obsolete). .. py:attribute:: user_mask_from_render The user mask actually came from rendering other data. .. py:attribute:: parameters_applied The user and/or vector masks have parameters applied to them. """ pos_relative_to_layer = attr.ib(default=False, type=bool) mask_disabled = attr.ib(default=False, type=bool) invert_mask = attr.ib(default=False, type=bool) user_mask_from_render = attr.ib(default=False, type=bool) parameters_applied = attr.ib(default=False, type=bool) undocumented_1 = attr.ib(default=False, type=bool, repr=False) undocumented_2 = attr.ib(default=False, type=bool, repr=False) undocumented_3 = attr.ib(default=False, type=bool, repr=False) @classmethod def read(cls, fp): flags = read_fmt("B", fp)[0] return cls( bool(flags & 1), bool(flags & 2), bool(flags & 4), bool(flags & 8), bool(flags & 16), bool(flags & 32), bool(flags & 64), bool(flags & 128), ) def write(self, fp): flags = ( (self.pos_relative_to_layer * 1) | (self.mask_disabled * 2) | (self.invert_mask * 4) | (self.user_mask_from_render * 8) | (self.parameters_applied * 16) | (self.undocumented_1 * 32) | (self.undocumented_2 * 64) | (self.undocumented_3 * 128) ) return write_fmt(fp, "B", flags)
[docs] @attr.s(repr=False, slots=True) class MaskData(BaseElement): """ Mask data. Real user mask is a final composite mask of vector and pixel masks. .. py:attribute:: top Top position. .. py:attribute:: left Left position. .. py:attribute:: bottom Bottom position. .. py:attribute:: right Right position. .. py:attribute:: background_color Default color. 0 or 255. .. py:attribute:: flags See :py:class:`.MaskFlags`. .. py:attribute:: parameters :py:class:`.MaskParameters` or None. .. py:attribute:: real_flags Real user mask flags. See :py:class:`.MaskFlags`. .. py:attribute:: real_background_color Real user mask background. 0 or 255. .. py:attribute:: real_top Top position of real user mask. .. py:attribute:: real_left Left position of real user mask. .. py:attribute:: real_bottom Bottom position of real user mask. .. py:attribute:: real_right Right position of real user mask. """ top = attr.ib(default=0, type=int) left = attr.ib(default=0, type=int) bottom = attr.ib(default=0, type=int) right = attr.ib(default=0, type=int) background_color = attr.ib(default=0, type=int) flags = attr.ib(factory=MaskFlags) parameters = attr.ib(default=None) real_flags = attr.ib(default=None) real_background_color = attr.ib(default=None) real_top = attr.ib(default=None) real_left = attr.ib(default=None) real_bottom = attr.ib(default=None) real_right = attr.ib(default=None) @classmethod def read(cls, fp): data = read_length_block(fp) if len(data) == 0: return None with io.BytesIO(data) as f: return cls._read_body(f, len(data)) @classmethod def _read_body(cls, fp, length): top, left, bottom, right, background_color = read_fmt("4iB", fp) flags = MaskFlags.read(fp) # Order is based on tests. The specification is messed up here... # if length == 20: # read_fmt('2x', fp) # return cls(top, left, bottom, right, background_color, flags) real_flags, real_background_color = None, None real_top, real_left, real_bottom, real_right = None, None, None, None if length >= 36: real_flags = MaskFlags.read(fp) real_background_color = read_fmt("B", fp)[0] real_top, real_left, real_bottom, real_right = read_fmt("4i", fp) parameters = None if flags.parameters_applied: parameters = MaskParameters.read(fp) # logger.debug(' skipping %d' % (len(fp.read()))) return cls( top, left, bottom, right, background_color, flags, parameters, real_flags, real_background_color, real_top, real_left, real_bottom, real_right, ) def write(self, fp): return write_length_block(fp, lambda f: self._write_body(f)) def _write_body(self, fp): written = write_fmt( fp, "4iB", self.top, self.left, self.bottom, self.right, self.background_color, ) written += self.flags.write(fp) # if self.real_flags is None and self.parameters is None: # written += write_fmt(fp, '2x') # assert written == 20 if self.real_flags: written += self.real_flags.write(fp) written += write_fmt( fp, "B4i", self.real_background_color, self.real_top, self.real_left, self.real_bottom, self.real_right, ) if self.flags.parameters_applied and self.parameters: written += self.parameters.write(fp) written += write_padding(fp, written, 4) return written @property def width(self): """Width of the mask.""" return max(self.right - self.left, 0) @property def height(self): """Height of the mask.""" return max(self.bottom - self.top, 0) @property def real_width(self): """Width of real user mask.""" return max(self.real_right - self.real_left, 0) @property def real_height(self): """Height of real user mask.""" return max(self.real_bottom - self.real_top, 0)
[docs] @attr.s(repr=False, slots=True) class MaskParameters(BaseElement): """ Mask parameters. .. py:attribute:: user_mask_density .. py:attribute:: user_mask_feather .. py:attribute:: vector_mask_density .. py:attribute:: vector_mask_feather """ user_mask_density = attr.ib(default=None) user_mask_feather = attr.ib(default=None) vector_mask_density = attr.ib(default=None) vector_mask_feather = attr.ib(default=None) @classmethod def read(cls, fp): parameters = read_fmt("B", fp)[0] return cls( read_fmt("B", fp)[0] if bool(parameters & 1) else None, read_fmt("d", fp)[0] if bool(parameters & 2) else None, read_fmt("B", fp)[0] if bool(parameters & 4) else None, read_fmt("d", fp)[0] if bool(parameters & 8) else None, ) def write(self, fp): written = 0 written += write_fmt( fp, "B", ( (1 if self.user_mask_density is not None else 0) | (2 if self.user_mask_feather is not None else 0) | (4 if self.vector_mask_density is not None else 0) | (8 if self.vector_mask_feather is not None else 0) ), ) if self.user_mask_density is not None: written += write_fmt(fp, "B", self.user_mask_density) if self.user_mask_feather is not None: written += write_fmt(fp, "d", self.user_mask_feather) if self.vector_mask_density is not None: written += write_fmt(fp, "B", self.vector_mask_density) if self.vector_mask_feather is not None: written += write_fmt(fp, "d", self.vector_mask_feather) return written
[docs] class ChannelImageData(ListElement): """ List of channel data list. This size of this list corresponds to the size of :py:class:`LayerRecords`. Each item corresponds to the channels of each layer. See :py:class:`.ChannelDataList`. """ @classmethod def read(cls, fp, layer_records=None): start_pos = fp.tell() items = [] for layer in layer_records: items.append(ChannelDataList.read(fp, layer.channel_info)) logger.debug(" read channel image data, len=%d" % (fp.tell() - start_pos)) return cls(items) def write(self, fp, **kwargs): start_pos = fp.tell() written = sum(item.write(fp) for item in self) logger.debug(" wrote channel image data, len=%d" % (fp.tell() - start_pos)) return written @property def _lengths(self): """List of layer channel lengths.""" return [item._lengths for item in self]
[docs] class ChannelDataList(ListElement): """ List of channel image data, corresponding to each color or alpha. See :py:class:`.ChannelData`. """ @classmethod def read(cls, fp, channel_info, **kwargs): items = [] for c in channel_info: items.append(ChannelData.read(fp, c.length - 2, **kwargs)) return cls(items) @property def _lengths(self): """List of channel lengths.""" return [item._length for item in self]
[docs] @attr.s(repr=False, slots=True) class ChannelData(BaseElement): """ Channel data. .. py:attribute:: compression Compression type. See :py:class:`~psd_tools.constants.Compression`. .. py:attribute:: data Data. """ compression = attr.ib( default=Compression.RAW, converter=Compression, validator=in_(Compression) ) data = attr.ib(default=b"", type=bytes) @classmethod def read(cls, fp, length=0, **kwargs): compression = Compression(read_fmt("H", fp)[0]) data = fp.read(length) return cls(compression, data) def write(self, fp, **kwargs): written = write_fmt(fp, "H", self.compression.value) written += write_bytes(fp, self.data) # written += write_padding(fp, written, 2) # Seems no padding here. return written
[docs] def get_data(self, width, height, depth, version=1): """Get decompressed channel data. :param width: width. :param height: height. :param depth: bit depth of the pixel. :param version: psd file version. :rtype: bytes """ return decompress(self.data, self.compression, width, height, depth, version)
[docs] def set_data(self, data, width, height, depth, version=1): """Set raw channel data and compress to store. :param data: raw data bytes to write. :param compression: compression type, see :py:class:`~psd_tools.constants.Compression`. :param width: width. :param height: height. :param depth: bit depth of the pixel. :param version: psd file version. """ self.data = compress(data, self.compression, width, height, depth, version) return len(self.data)
@property def _length(self): """Length of channel data block.""" return 2 + len(self.data)
[docs] @attr.s(repr=False, slots=True) class GlobalLayerMaskInfo(BaseElement): """ Global mask information. .. py:attribute:: overlay_color Overlay color space (undocumented) and color components. .. py:attribute:: opacity Opacity. 0 = transparent, 100 = opaque. .. py:attribute:: kind Kind. 0 = Color selected--i.e. inverted; 1 = Color protected; 128 = use value stored per layer. This value is preferred. The others are for backward compatibility with beta versions. """ overlay_color = attr.ib(default=None) opacity = attr.ib(default=0, type=int) kind = attr.ib( default=GlobalLayerMaskKind.PER_LAYER, converter=GlobalLayerMaskKind, validator=in_(GlobalLayerMaskKind), ) @classmethod def read(cls, fp): pos = fp.tell() data = read_length_block(fp) # fmt? logger.debug("reading global layer mask info, len=%d" % (len(data))) if len(data) == 0: return cls(overlay_color=None) elif len(data) < 13: logger.warning( "global layer mask info is broken, expected 13 bytes but found" " only %d" % (len(data)) ) fp.seek(pos) return cls(overlay_color=None) with io.BytesIO(data) as f: return cls._read_body(f) @classmethod def _read_body(cls, fp): overlay_color = list(read_fmt("5H", fp)) opacity, kind = read_fmt("HB", fp) return cls(overlay_color, opacity, kind) def write(self, fp): return write_length_block(fp, lambda f: self._write_body(f)) def _write_body(self, fp): written = 0 if self.overlay_color is not None: written = write_fmt(fp, "5H", *self.overlay_color) written += write_fmt(fp, "HB", self.opacity, self.kind.value) written += write_padding(fp, written, 4) logger.debug("writing global layer mask info, len=%d" % (written)) return written